Evidence Base

The studies behind every answer.

Original papers. Full analysis. Every finding linked to its DOI so you can check our work.

The Iron Math Your Supplement Label Doesn't Show Twenty-three studies, one dose threshold, and a math problem that changes what "100% Daily Value" actually means for anyone who trains. M et al. · 2024 · Journal of Sport and Health Science · n=669
The 0-for-6 Scorecard Your Supplement Aisle Hides Researchers tested your multivitamin across six body systems — cancer, heart, immunity, brain, eyes, and mortality. The score was not what the label promised. Wang et al. · 2025 · Ageing Research Reviews · n=5,535,426
The man who owned the patent funded the only study that said ZMA works A 33.5% testosterone claim traces to one industry-funded study with 53% dropout. Two independent labs found zero. But athletes might actually need more zinc — just not from a branded tub. Te et al. · 2023 · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · n=38
Three Strength Tests Came Back Empty. The Fourth Had a Receptor. Researchers pooled ten trials of vitamin D in 354 athletes. Blood levels soared. Bench, jump, and grip didn't move. But quadriceps — loaded with vitamin D receptors on their fast-twitch fibers — broke the pattern. Han et al. · 2024 · Frontiers in Nutrition · n=354